Online/Electronic Sources

Article freely available directly from publisher; format differs from print version or page numbers not indicated.
Volume, issue, and page numbers often are not provided. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference. Note that the URL should link directly to the article, not the publisher's home page. Also, break the URL before punctuation such as a slash.

Journal:

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Online ERIC Documents

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Web Site/Page

Note that URLs (web addresses) are not underlined, even though some software will automatically underline. However, they should remain as active links. On this guide, active links appear in blue or purple.

When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:

The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).  

Individual web page with personal author
Since web pages and documents are similar to print, citations to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because the content is likely to change.

Landis, B. (1996). Carlisle Indian Industrial School history. Retrieved September 20, 2001, from

http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html 

Individual web page available on university program or department web site

Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved July 1, 2006,

from Yale University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Web site: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum

/units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html

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Online Video (Youtube) & Audio

Youtube-type Video Weblog Post

Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Video posted

to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY

University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world,

1500--1750 [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xax5d4IKqrQ

 

Television Feature, Video Podcast (series title is not italicized)

 

ABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Good Morning America. Person of the Week. Dying professor's

lecture of a lifetime. Podcast retrieved from ABC: http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek

/Story?id=3633945&page=1

Audio Podcast (series title is not italicized)

Duchon, R. (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. U.P. Family Still Struggles to

Deal With Pressure of '67 Riot. Podcast retrieved from http://stream.publicbroadcasting.net

/production/mp3/michigan/local-michigan-608722.mp3

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Online Technical/Research Report, Electronic/e-book, e-book Chapter

According to the new APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007), publisher geographical location (city & state) and name are not necessary in references retrieved electronically. However, this information should be included if publisher identity is not clear from the "author, URL, database name, or other reference information" (pp. 1-2).

Another change from 2001 Manual: if you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash / ) not after (see example below).

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); authored by individual(s), has publication date & report number

Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004

(Statistical Brief #17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality:

http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); no author identified, no publication date (provide title first), and in html (changeable) format

Most improved elementary schools in math: Survey results. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2006, from

http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/2002-03/es_math/msi/effectivepractices.htm

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); authored by an organization, no publication date (provide title first)

Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of

accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acpha-cahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf

Report/Document available on university program or department web site
Note: Date of retrieval is included because work is not in the final permanent record format (content is likely to be changed).

Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved July 1,

2006, from Yale University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Web site: http://www.yale.edu

/ynhti/curriculum/units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html

Electronic book (e-book) retrieved from database (STAT!Ref)

Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.). Retrieved from

STAT!Ref database.

Electronic book - have direct link to item

Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land.

Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=28788

Electronic book - direct link unavailable or URL leads to information on how to obtain the item. Note use of "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from"

Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2007). Diversity in early care and education: Honoring differences. Available

from http://mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=007722289X

Electronic book chapter from an edited book

Symonds, P. M. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human

motivation (pp. 11-22). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.

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Online Government Documents & Legal Sources

Court Decision with identifier (Note source abbreviations - WestLaw: WL & Lexis-Nexis: LEXIS)
Note: If screen or page numbers are assigned, precede with an asterisk.

Hornback v. U.S., No. 03-5099, 2004 WL 68510, at *1 (C. A. Fed. Jan. 13, 2004).

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Theses & Dissertations

Master's thesis retrieved from a database (considered published)

Saarivirta-Kolpack, M. (2006). A history of early teacher training practices at

Northern (Michigan University), 1899-1953. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations

& Theses. (AAT 1439820)

Dissertation retrieved from institutional/university web site

Bartel, T. M. C. (2005). Factors associated with attachment in international adoption (Doctoral

dissertation, Kansas State University, 2005). Retrieved from http://krex.ksu.edu/dspace

/bitstream/2097/131/1/TeresaBartel2005.pdf

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Online Reference Materials

Note: Date of retrieval is provided because the most recent date for changes may not be evident. Also, provide source home page URL, not the address which takes you directly to an entry.

Online Encyclopedia

Boss brass. (2007). In H. Kallmann & G. Potvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in Canada. Retrieved

July 26, 2007, from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/

Online Dictionary

Terrorism. (2002). In The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Retrieved July 20, 2007, from

http://www.bartleby.com/59/

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Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank

When a graphic (graph, map, chart, etc.) is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the result. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007).

[Graph showing trends data of diabetes awareness, Michigan vs. Nationwide trends 1990-

2002, percentage of respondents 18 and older who reported they have been diagnosed with

diabetes]. Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data. Retrieved from

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov /brfss/Trends/TrendData.asp

Abstract of a work in an online database

Although referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources.

Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative

response to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract

retrieved from CINAHL database.

Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived)

Feddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Msg 000958]. Message posted to

Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association (NAHRS)

electronic mailing list, archived at http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS

Personal & Other Communications

The APA Publication Manual (5th ed., p. 214) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:  

D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).

(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).

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PRINT SOURCES (NON-ELECTRONIC)

Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals

Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume)

Burke, R. J., Shearer, D., & Deszca, E. (1984). Correlates of burnout phases among police officers.

Group and Organizational Studies, 9, 451-466.

Article in a journal (paginated by issue)

Berkerian, D. A. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology

Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Article in a Popular Magazine

Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.

Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)

Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.

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ERIC Documents

Document/report available from ERIC (with ED number, but without report number)

Jung, S. M. (1986). The role of accreditation in directly improving educational quality.

Washington, DC: Council on Postsecondary Accreditation. (ERIC Document

Reproduction Service No. ED267055)

Document/report available from ERIC (with ED number, and with report number appearing on document or abstract)

Kirsner, S. A., & Bethell, S. (1992). Creating a flexible and responsive learning environment for

general mathematics students (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-7). East Lansing, MI: National Center

for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED347093)

Conference paper (unpublished / presented-only) available from ERIC

Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: communication training and the

help-desk hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication

Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED416553)

Conference paper (usually published in proceedings) available from ERIC

Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help

desk. In Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the

ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). (ERIC Document

Reproduction Service No. ED425722)

Master's thesis available from ERIC

Bastolla, R. (1994). Whole language and Basal readers. Master's thesis, Kean College. (ERIC Document

Reproduction Service No. ED366923)

Doctoral dissertation available from ERIC

Clark, J. L. (1983). Values and academic achievement among rural Indian high school students in North

Dakota. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service

No. ED242469)

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Book, Technical/Research Report, & Book Chapter

Book, no author or editor

Place title in the author’s position; alphabetize by the first significant word in the title; cite in text using a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of the author’s name.

Professional guide to diseases. (1982). Springhouse, PA: Intermed Communications.

Book, one author

McKibben, B. (1992). The age of missing information. New York: Random House.

Book, multiple authors

Larson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling.

New York: Columbia University Press.

Edited book (editor in place of author)

Inness, S. A. (Ed.). (1998). Delinquents and debutantes: Twentieth-century American girls’ cultures.

New York: New York University Press.

Edited book, multiple authors (editor in place of authors)

Moriarty, L. J., & Carter, D. L. (Eds.). (1998). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century.

Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

Book, subsequent edition (2nd, 3rd, etc.)

Lemay, L. (1997). Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 4 in a week (4th ed.). Indianapolis: Sams.net.

Report from a private organization (author & publisher same)

National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations

(Pub. No. 21-2329). New York: Author.

Article or chapter in an edited book

Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult

development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological

issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Entry in an encyclopedia

This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.

Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)

(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York: Wiley.

Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY)

Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review.

Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L.
ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ:

Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J.

Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln,

NE: Buros Institute, University of Nebraska Press.

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Master's Theses & Dissertations

Unpublished master’s thesis

Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators.

Unpublished master’s thesis, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) (published) and obtained from the university.

Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic Speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech

codes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International,

60(02), 533A.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) (published) and obtained on university microfilm.

Houseman, C. A. (1985). An investigation of  nurses' interpersonal needs and their willingness to self-disclose.

Dissertation Abstracts International, 51(01), 543B. (University Microfilms No. AAD93-15947)

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Government Publications & Law

Important Note: APA uses the conventional legal citation format (Manual p. 397) in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual on pp. 398-410.

U.S. Government executive document

Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog.

Administration on Aging. (1984). Alzheimer's disease handbook (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 84-20813).

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Government Congressional document
For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, page of the document where the hearing begins (usually 1), and date.

Charter schools: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of

the Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 105^th Cong., 1 (1998).

Michigan Government executive document

Office of International Development. (1985). Investor's guide to Michigan. Lansing: Michigan Department

of Commerce.

Court decision

United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).  

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Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia

Published Proceedings

Capitalize the name of the symposium.

Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In R.

Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and

fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Proceedings published regularly (format similar to periodicals)

Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering

colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,

95, 15436-15439.

Poster presented at conference

Raspe, P. D. (1991, April). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles. Poster session presented

at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee, WI.

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Film / Movie / Motion Picture

Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1987). Deeper into hypnosis [Motion Picture].

United States: Prentice-Hall.

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Personal & Other Communications
The APA Publication Manual (5th ed., p. 214) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:

D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).

(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).

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NURSING/HEALTH-SPECIFIC SOURCES

Jump to Print Book, Technical/Research Report, Book Chapter, & Encyclopedia

Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals, Magazines, & Newspapers

[changed 9/08] Provide issue number following volume number only when each issue is separately paginated. See examples.

Newest (June 2007) APA style guidelines changed how to reference online materials. APA uses the DOI (Digital Object Identifier), a unique alpha-numeric code assigned to individual online works.

Important Notes Regarding Use of DOIs:

• Not all publishers participate in assigning DOIs.
• Most popular magazine & newspaper articles do not have a DOI assigned.
• Articles or books with a DOI no longer need a database name.
• Since DOI numbers are complex, we suggest copying and pasting the DOI into reference.

Since articles in PDF and/or retrieved from a database are final permanent record versions, do not include date of retrieval or URL. [changed 6/07]

Please use the following chart to determine, IN APA PREFERENCE ORDER, how to reference online articles. See examples representing new style formats for each type of material (journal, magazine, newspaper).

APA MOST-PREFERRED FORMAT: Article has DOI assigned.
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume)[changed 9/08]: Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776 Journal Article (paginated by issue): Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the highering process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry
Where/how to locate the DOI.	Locate DOI on first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo or near author e-mail address). If not on article, check database record/abstract (sometimes labeled as DOI).	If DOI does not appear on either article or in database: Search on article author/title using Cross/Ref DOI Lookup To determine DOIs for an entire list of references: Click here, then copy & paste entire list into Simple Text Query box DOI may be verified/searched by entering number in: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver
APA 2nd-MOST-PREFERRED FORMAT: If article does not have a DOI assigned, then provide journal/magazine/newspaper home page URL.
Notes: Use this format for publishers who do not participate in the DOI System, or for articles retrieved through library subscriptions/databases (not free). Do not provide entire URL which leads directly to article. URLs/web addresses are not underlined (even though software will automatically underline). However, they should remain as active links. On this guide, active links appear in blue or purple. If necessary to split URL at the end of a line, break the URL before punctuation such as a slash.[changed 6/07]
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume)[changed 9/08]: Coopmans, V. C., & Biddle, C. (2008). CRNA performance using a handheld, computerized, decision-making aid during critical events in a simulated environment: A methodologic inquiry. AANA Journal, 76, 29-35. Retrieved from http://www.aana.com/aanajournal.aspx Journal Article (paginated by issue): Roman, L. (2008). Nursing shortage: Looking to the future. RN, 71(3), 34-36, 38-41. Retrieved from http://www.rnweb.com Magazine Article (no author): Nutrient checklist for prenatal multis. (2007, May). Better Nutrition, 69(5), 12. Retrieved from http://www.betternutrition.com/ Newspaper Article: Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com
Where/how to locate the journal home page URL.	Locate URL on database record/abstract (sometimes labeled as Resource Location). or Locate URL on the article (usually on page footer, in small print near journal logo, or supplemental page).	Search complete article title using Google Scholar or journal title using general search engine such as Google. Search for newspaper URL using American Journalism Review interface.
APA Least-PREFERRED FORMAT: If article does not have a DOI assigned, and unable to locate journal home page URL, then provide name of online database which holds online article.
Chiang, L. (2005). Exploring the health-related quality of life among children with moderate asthma. Journal of Nursing Research, 13(1), 31-39. Retrieved from CINAHL database.
How to determine online database.	Useful when article or journal URL is difficult to find, or publication is of limited circulation.	If unable to recall holding database name, search journal title using Full Text Electronic Journals interface.

Journal article freely available directly from publisher; page numbers indicated.

Note that the URL should link directly to the article.

Weaver, T. (2000). Changes in forestry policy, production, and the environment in northern Mexico: 1960-2000.

Journal of Political Ecology: Case Studies in History and Society, 7, 1-18. Retrieved from

http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_7/Weaver00.pdf

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Article freely available directly from publisher; format differs from print version or page numbers not indicated.
Volume, issue, and page numbers often are not provided. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference. Note that the URL should link directly to the article, not the publisher's home page. Also, break the URL before punctuation such as a slash.

Journal:
Note that the URL should link directly to the article.

Mehra, B., Bishop, A. P., & Bazzell, I. (2000). The role of use scenarios in developing

community health information system. Bulletin of the American Society for Information

Science, 26. Retrieved from http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/May-00/mehra__et_al.html

Magazine:

McGinn, D., & Springen, K. (2007, July 30). Express-lane medicine. Newsweek. Retrieved from

http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/printed/us/so/a54599-2000jan23.htm  

Newspaper:

Doulin, T., Gebolys, D., & Zachariah, H. (2006, November 9). Smoking goes poof on Dec. 7. Columbus Dispatch.

Retrieved from http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/contentbe/dispatch/2006/11/09

/20061109-A1-03.html

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Newsletter article, no DOI assigned, retrieved from publisher web site
Unless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages, and provide URL to entire newsletter.

Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic libraries: A

bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL Newsletter, 24(1).

Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html

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According to the new APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007), publisher geographical location (city & state) and name are not necessary in references retrieved electronically. However, this information should be included if publisher identity is not clear from the "author, URL, database name, or other reference information" (pp. 1-2).

Another change from 2001 Manual: if you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash / ) not after (see example below).

When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:

The American Nurses Association web site provides a wealth of information for students interested in becoming nurses, and those already in the field (http://nursingworld.org/).  

Individual web page with personal author
Since web pages and documents are similar to print, citations to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because the content is likely to change.

Landis, B. (1996). Carlisle Indian Industrial School history. Retrieved September 20, 2001, from

http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html 

Entire electronic book retrieved from database (STAT!Ref)

Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.). Retrieved from STAT!Ref database.

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); authored by individual(s), has publication date & report number

Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004

(Statistical Brief #17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality:

http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); no author identified, no publication date (provide title first), and in html (changeable) format

Most improved elementary schools in math: Survey results. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2006, from

http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/2002-03/es_math/msi/effectivepractices.htm

Report/Document available on the web (not through a university); authored by an organization, no publication date (provide title first)

Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of

accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acpha-cahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf

Report/Document available on university program or department web site
Note: Date of retrieval is included because work is not in the final permanent record format (content is likely to be changed).

Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved July 1,

2006, from Yale University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Web site: http://www.yale.edu

/ynhti/curriculum/units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html

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Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library, using DOI

Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight

or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2).

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2

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Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank

When a graphic (graph, map, chart, etc.) is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the result. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007).

[Graph showing trends data of diabetes awareness, Michigan vs. Nationwide trends 1990-

2002, percentage of respondents 18 and older who reported they have been diagnosed with

diabetes]. Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data. Retrieved from

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov /brfss/Trends/TrendData.asp

Abstract of a work in an online database

Although referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources.

Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative

response to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract

retrieved from CINAHL database.

Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived)

Feddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Msg 000958]. Message posted to

Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association (NAHRS)

electronic mailing list, archived at http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS

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